ScienceDaily (Dec. 3, 2008) — If chromosomes snuggle up too closely at the wrong times, the results can be genetic disaster.
Now researchers have found the molecular machines in fruit flies that yank chromosomes, the DNA-carrying structures, apart when necessary.
The machines, proteins called condensin II, separate chromosomes by twisting them into supercoils that kink up and therefore can no longer touch.
Scientists had known of condensin II but did not know how it functioned inside cells.
Keeping specific parts of chromosomes from touching can change how the instructions carried in the DNA are read, said research team leader Giovanni Bosco of The University of Arizona in Tucson.
"It's like picking up your favorite book and, depending on what chair you chose to sit in, it turned into a different story -- even though the printed words in the book never changed," Bosco, a UA assistant professor of molecular and cellular biology, wrote in an e-mail.
"This now changes the way we think about genetic information. Taking a literal reading of it is not what actually happens," he wrote. "Instead, context matters."
The team also found that condensin II plays a key role in making sure that fruit fly sperm cells each receive the proper number of chromosomes -- not too many, not too few.
Bosco suspects that condensin II plays the same role in the formation of human sperm and eggs.
Having too many or too few chromosomes in egg or sperm cells is the source of several important genetic disorders, including Down syndrome.
Abnormalities in chromosome number is also the cause of some miscarriages of early-term fetuses in humans.
The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation funded the research.
Learning how cells control chromosomes and how DNA is transcribed will lead to better understanding of how an organism's DNA affects the organism's final form.
Scientists have known for about 50 years that when chromosomes are in direct contact, the transcription machinery can choose to transcribe either the gene from the mother or the gene from the father.
Many researchers investigated how the specific genes were brought close together so that process, known as transvection, could happen.
Bosco wondered, what if the chromosomes stayed stuck together?
To find something that separated chromosomes, he looked for female fruit flies that were sterile because chromosomes in their eggs had stuck together.
Once he had those fruit flies, Hartl isolated the gene that kept the chromosomes from coming apart. He found that the gene coded for condensin II, indicating that the sterile flies couldn't make condensin II.
To be able to watch how condensin II affects chromosomes, the researchers used the salivary glands from normal Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Fruit fly salivary glands are unusual, because they have many copies of the same chromosome coiled together like a rope.
Hartl said, "You can actually see chromosomes, because the cells are so huge and the chromosomes are so huge."
The team inserted an additional gene into the chromosomes that would turn the condensin II-producing gene off at 77 F (21 C) and on at 95 F (35 C). The researchers also marked one gene on the chromosomes with green fluorescent protein, or GFP, to be able to see changes in the chromosomes' positions.
The scientists then looked at the salivary glands at the two temperatures to see what happened when condensin II was present and when it was absent.
Bosco said, "Simply turning the condensin gene on or off, we could watch the chromosomes move right before our eyes, demonstrating that condensin was mostly likely the tiny machine that was ripping the chromosomes apart."
He said these findings are significant because more and more genetic tests to sequence people's DNA are becoming available, but the DNA sequence alone does not completely determine what diseases the person will have.
Even if it's in the genes, it might not show, he said. "It's what your cells are doing with your genes that's important."
To pull the chromosomes apart, condensin II changes its shape. Smith said the team's next step is figuring out how condensin II proteins are recruited to the chromosomes and how the condensin II proteins use the cellular energy packets known as ATP to change shape.
Journal references:
Hartl et al. Chromosome Alignment and Transvection Are Antagonized by Condensin II. Science, 2008; 322 (5906): 1384 DOI: 10.1126/science.1164216
Hartl et al. Condensin II Resolves Chromosomal Associations to Enable Anaphase I Segregation in Drosophila Male Meiosis. PLoS Genetics, 2008; 4 (10): e1000228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000228
Adapted from materials provided by University of Arizona, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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This article was very interesting considering
ReplyDeletethe fact that the same thing that plays a key
role in the formation of fruit flies sperm
and eggs, may also play a key role in the
formation of humans sperm and eggs. Condensin
2, seperate chromosomes by twisting them into
supercoils that kink up and therefore can no
longer touch.
Condendin 2, also has the ability to change
it's shape.
-Lorina Kegler
I found this article very intresting. I was unaware that by chromosomes being too close together it can cause a disorder. Up until now I have never heard of condensin II. Condensin 2 seperates chromosomes. I assumed that when dealing with chromosomes only missing chromosomes can become a problem. Now I know different that the positioning of the chromosome can cause defects as well.
ReplyDelete-Kamille Coleman
This article was very interesting. In the first few paragraphs I was confused and then it all started to make sense to me. It was very interesting that condesin II rips apart chromosomes that are stuck together. Also it was interesting that if a chromosome had to be torn apart by the condesin II that, that individual would have an abmnoramilitie. This relates to our subject that we are learning because we are learning how chromosomes can affect a person if they have one to many or one to less.
ReplyDeleteGordon Porter
This article was very interesting. i thought it was very interesting that the fruit flies chromosomes can be separated by condesin II. if this was to pertain to an individual then is would be an abonomality.It is amazing how nothingd can go wrong withe the fly but if it was a human it would or could cost them their life
ReplyDeleteThis relates to what we are curently studying in class because it talk about chromosome abnormality.This wwek we spoke about how chromosomes can cause serious effects in human life oncce it is not correctly sequenced.One that stood out to me the most was trisomy21 in which is the chromosome related to DOWN SYNDROME.
CARLISSA KYTE
In class we are learning about different mutations and genetic disorders. So, it came as little to no suprise that "Abnormalities in chromosome number is also the cause of some miscarriages of early-term fetuses in humans". However, I did not know that the protein, Codensin II was responsible for separating chromosomes from each other. Condensin II also changes it shape to separate chromosomes. It was interesting to read how scientists could visually see pieces of chromosomes moving with the presence of Condensin II.
ReplyDeleteThis article was very breath-taking. Knowing that scientist are getting real close to fixing chrosomes abnormalities, mutations, or gentic disorders. As i think about how friut flies could be the answer well is the answer to fixing chromsomes into the normal positions. They might be able to shape the chromosomes into right place. It will be able to remove or add miss chromosomes in a human body. This will throw out many syndrom such as Turner, Kleifelter, Down Syndrome, and others. But are we sure that by us changing the shape of the chrosome wont affect the human as well? This is good but, we still have other deadly diseases that you cant detect.I can conclude that this is a goodfinding this is getting us three steps closer to curing or stoping the deadly diseases.
ReplyDeleteDa'Neane Bell